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Neotropical fish of the family Cichlidae are a widespread and diverse group of freshwater fish which, through adaptive radiation, have exploited biology thesis proposal sample thesis niches in freshwater ecosystems.

20 Unexplored Biology Thesis Topic Ideas To Consider

One such evolutionary adaptation employed by numerous taxa is miniaturization, an evolutionary process in which a large ancestral form becomes reduced in size to exploit alternative biology thesis proposal sample. A considerable amount of research has been conducted help speech man the effects of miniaturization on amphibians Hankenbut although miniaturization has been found to occur in 85 species of freshwater South Biology thesis proposal sample fish, little has been done to investigate the effects which miniaturization imposes on the anatomy of the fish Hanken and Wake Evolution is the process by proposal sample species adapt to environmental stresses over time.

Nature imposes various selective pressures on ecosystems causing adaptive radiation, where species expand and fill new niches.

One such adaptation for a proposal sample niche is miniaturization. Miniaturization is observed in a variety of taxa, and evolutionary size decreases are observed in biology thesis and higher vertebrates, but it is more common and more pronounced in reptiles, amphibians and fish Hanken and Wake Miniaturization evolved as a specialization which allowed the organisms to avoid selective pressures and occupy a new niche.

Miniaturization as a concept is dependent source the phylogenetic assumption that the organism evolved from a larger predecessor.

Over time, the miniature organism had to adapt to the new conditions as a tiny species. All of the same basic read article had to be met, but with a proposal sample body.

Research Proposal – Department of Biology | ETH Zurich

In miniature species there is a critical relationship between structure biology thesis proposal sample the body and body size, and frequently check this out downsizing results in structural and functional changes within the animal Harrison biology thesis proposal sample Within the concept of miniaturization is the assumption that the species evolved from a larger progenitor.

It is biology thesis proposal sample then to explore the effects of proposal sample miniaturization process. Hanken and Wake found that the adult skulls of the salamander Thorius were lacking several bones, proposal sample were highly biology thesis proposal sample, and many species within the genus were toothless. Several invertebrate species display the wholesale loss of major organs systems as a result of the drastic reduction in body size Hanken and Wake Hanken and Wake also have shown that morphological novelty is a common result of proposal sample.

Thesis proposal example 2 · Biology · Lafayette College

Morphological biology thesis proposal sample, in essence, is the development of new proposal sample in the proposal sample organism. For example, as body size decreases, certain vital organs will only be able to be reduced by a certain amount and still function.

As a result organs such as the inner ear remain large relative biology thesis proposal the size of the miniature skull, and structural biology thesis sample sample have to occur in order to support the proportionately large inner ear.

InJames Hanken, at the University of Colorado determined that the adult skull of the Plethodontid salamanders could be characterized by three observations: In his experiments, Hanken found that cranial miniaturization of the Thorius skull was achieved at the expense of ossification.

Sample student biology research proposal (P. Pazos & P. Hirsch 2008)

Much of the ossified skeleton was lost learn more here reduced, especially biology thesis the anterior elements, which are seen typically in larger adult salamanders Hanken In contrast to this ossified downsizing, many of the sensory organs were not diminished in size — therefore present in greater proportion to the rest of the reduced head.

Hanken proposed that paedomorphosis was the mode of evolution of the plethodontid salamanders Hanken Paedomorphosis is the state where the miniaturized structures of the biology thesis proposal sample href="/master-thesis-on-branding-jobs.html">article source salamanders can proposal sample described as arrested here states.

To support this theory, Hanken showed data where biology thesis proposal sample skeletal reduction was less extreme in biology thesis proposal sample thesis proposal sample posterior regions of the skull. One of the hallmarks of paedamorphosis is the lack of conservation in structures derived late in development.

Early developed structures are highly conserved, and the latter derivations biology thesis proposal sample either lost, or greatly reduced. Again, Hanken has shown that elements appearing late in development exhibit greater variation among species than do elements appearing earlier in proposal sample Hanken But the presence of novel morphological features cannot be accounted for merely by truncated development and the retention of juvenile traits.

Miniature Plethodontid salamanders display features that are not present in other species, juvenile or adult. These novel morphological features are associated with the evolution of decreased size and are postulated to compensate for the reductions occurring in other areas Hanken InTrueb and Alberch published a paper presenting similar proposal sample in their experiments with frogs.

biology thesis proposal sample

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Trueb and Alberch examined three morphological variables: Size and snout proposal sample were measured, and the data showed that the more heavily ossified frogs tended to be smaller, whereas the less-ossified species were of average size, contrary to what was hypothesized. Very little research has been done on the effects of miniaturization biology thesis proposal sample fish. Woodlands artists artists fair published a paper discussing the phylogeny of newly found minature species of Characidiin fish, but the extent of the examination was merely an acknowledgment that the biology thesis proposal sample were indeed miniatures so that they could be taxonomically reclassified Buckup It is this deficit of knowledge with regard to miniaturization in fish that biology thesis proposal sample this research.

How does miniaturization affect other vertebrates, such as fish? There are over 85 species of freshwater South Biology thesis fish which are regarded as miniature, spanning 5 orders, 11 families and 40 genera Hanken and Wake It lives in shallow water bodies in biology thesis proposal sample rainforests, where miniature size proposal sample necessary.

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